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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of special prescription comment model intervention on prophylactic application of antibiotics during perioperative period of clean operation in our hospital. METHODS: By founding specialist group and prescription comment group, formulating unified form for evaluating prophylactic application of antibiotics during perioperative period of clean operation, establishing comment criteria referring to Guidelines for Clinical Antibiotics Use (2015 edition), Notice on Further Strengthening the Management of Clinical Antibiotics Use, drug package inserts and so on; havivg the aid of administrative intervention and quality assessment, The special prescription comment model was established. Based on stratified sampling (according to the clinical departments, kind of procedure), Each 180 medical records were collected from our hospital during Jan. -Jun. 2015 (before intervention) and Jan. -Jun. 2016 (after intervention). The unified form for perioperative period of clean operation was formulated to comment each medical record in respects of prophylactic utilization rate of antibiotics, medication indication, medication timing, drug selection, usage and dosage, medication course, drug combination, etc. RESULTS: After the following intervention measures were adopted, such as The prophylactic utilization rate of antibiotics of our hospital during perioperative period of clean operation decreased from 96. 7％ before intervention to 25. 0％ after intervention (P< 0. 05). The rates of drug use without indication, irrational medication timing before surgery, irrational drug selection, irrational usage and dosage, irrational medication course and irrational drug combination were decreased from 71. 3％, 72. 4％, 65. 5％, 23. 0％, 97. 1％, 17. 8％ before intervention to 4. 4％, 0, 8. 9％, 11. 1％, 22. 2％, 0 after intervention (P<0. 05) respectively. Before intervention, 8 categories 20 kinds of antibiotics were used prophylactically in our hospital during perioperative period of clean operation; 86 patients used 2 kinds of or more antibiotics, among which there were 31 cases of drug combination and 55 cases of drug replacement. After intervention, 3 categories 4 kinds of antibiotics were used prophylactically in our hospital during perioperative period of clean operation; there was no drug combination and drug replacement. CONCLUSIONS: Special prescription comment model can obviously improve rational use of antibiotics during perioperative period of clean operation.
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OBJECTIVE:To investigate the role of clinical pharmacists on drug therapy for acute exacerbations of chronic ob-structive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH). METHODS:Clinical pharmacists partici-pated in drug therapy for a AECOPD patient with BPH. According to clinical guideline and relevant literatures,based on the history of disease,the characteristics of bronchodilators and the symptoms of acute urinary retention,it was suggested to stop taking Ip-ratropium bromide solution for inhalation but receive Finasteride capsules 5 mg,po,qd,to reduce prostate volume and improve ob-struction+Terazosin hydrochloride tablets 2 mg,po,qd,to relax urethral smooth muscle;the occurrence of ADR was monitored closely. Salmeterol xinafoate and fluticasone propionate powder for inhalation was suggested and medication guidance for patients af-ter discharge was given by clinical pharmacists. RESULTS:Physicians adopted some suggestions of clinical pharmacists. The pa-tient was stable and had no dysuria. The patient was allowed to leave the hospital with drugs. CONCLUSIONS:Rational use of bronchodilators is directly related to the remission of clinical symptoms and prognosis in AECOPD patients. In view of patient's dis-ease history,drug characteristics and clinical symptoms,clinical pharmacists point to possible risks of anticholinergics use,and as-sist physicians to formulate and adjust therapy plan so as to guarantee the safety and effectiveness of drug use.
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OBJECTIVE:To prepare paeonol-HP-β-cyclodextrin (PAE-HP-β-CD) inclusion compound and to optimize its pre-scription technology. METHODS:PAE-HP-β-CD was prepared by freeze drying method and validated. Using inclusion rate as in-dex,main drug-accessory ratio,inclusion time,inclusion temperature and stirring speed as factors,the preparation technology was optimized by central composite design-response surface methodology. RESULTS:Prepared PAE-HP-β-CD underwent phase transfor-mation. The optimal inclusion technology was as follows as main drug-accessory ratio of 3.39∶1,inclusion temperature of 50 ℃, inclusion time of 3.2 h, stirring speed of 350 r/min. Relative error between measured value (87.46%) and predicted value (89.12%) of inclusion rate was 1.86%(n=6). CONCLUSIONS:PAE-HP-β-CD inclusion compound is prepared successfully, and its prescription technology is stable and feasible.
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OBJECTIVE:To investigate the characteristics and factors of ADR caused by Chinese patent medicine(CPM)and to provide reference for rational drug use and safety evaluation in the clinic. METHODS:158 cases of ADR caused by CPM collect-ed from our hospital during Jan.2009-Dec.2014 were analyzed. RESULTS:The occurrence of ADR caused by CPM was related to patient’s age,route of administration,category of drugs,irrational drug-use and so on. The incidence of ADR in patients over the age of 60 was the highest (31.01%),the largest number of ADR were caused by intravenous injection (79.11%),ADRs were most likely caused by blood-regulating preparation and dissipate blood stasis preparation (79.75%);ADR manifested as lesion of skin and its appendents(43.01%),followed by gastro-intestinal injury(16.06%)and whole-general injury(10.36%). The severe ADR was anaphylactoid reaction;after symptomatic treatment,the prognosis is good. CONCLUSIONS:According to syndrome differentiation and individual difference,CPM should be used rationally,and great importance should be attached to drug use moni-toring to reduce the incidence of ADR.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the occupational and reproductive health problems of migrant female workers in electron factory.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total number of 2000 female migrant workers were randomly sampled from three electronic factories for the study. All were investigated by questionnaire and data were input to EpiData 3.0 data base, SPSS17.0 statistical software and analyzed by Chi-square test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>1971 complete questionnaires were received, the recovery rate reached over 98.6%. The average age of interviewees is (21.1 ± 3.9) years. Junior employee between 16 and 18 years accounted for 19.04%. The average working age was (1.1 ± 2.2) years and about 90% were single including 0.11% of them were divorced. The main occupational hazards were: sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, formaldehyde, hydrochloric acid, stannic anhydride, benzene analogues, n-hexane methanol, glycol isopropanol, sulphuric acid, nitric oxide, noise, ultraviolet radiation, etc. Workplace monitoring indicated that benzene and noise levels and ultraviolet radiation were over the national OEL at fewer worksites. More than 50% female workers worked over 8 hours per day and 83% of them worked 22 days per month. The ergonomic problems: 63.86% of them worked with tedious repetitiveness and monotonous job task. About 42% of them need to be continuously with standing posture. As a consequence, there were 30% workers complain about LBP, 21% had experienced work injury; 15% ∼ 18% had some non-specific discomfort, such as insomnia, dysacusis, dizzy and headache. The incidence rate of reproductive system such as abnormal menstrual cycle (5.71%), dysmenorrhea (25.11%), congestion (8.91%), etc. The first four reproductive system disease were pelvic inflammation, adnexitis, cervical erosion, and vaginitis. There are significant differences between continuous and temporary standing work, and repeated and unrepeated job action in terms of dysmenorrheal and congestion related-discomfort(P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There are many occupational hazards in electronic industry. And there is somewhat a serious occupational and reproductive health problems among female migrant workers, that seem to be a matter of great concern.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Young Adult , Health Status , Industry , Occupational Exposure , Occupational Health , Reproductive Health , Surveys and Questionnaires , Transients and Migrants , WorkplaceABSTRACT
A milk substitute for infant feeding has been prepared using(parts by weight): soybean flour 28.0, rice flour 45.0, egg-yolk powder 5.0, cane sugar 16.5, soybean oil 3.0, "fermented millet" 0.5, bone meal 1.5 and salt 0.5. Vanilla powder was added as the flavoring material.Soybean was soaked in water for 4 hrs., steamed under atmospheric pressure for 30 minutes and dried at 70-80℃ before milling. Bone meal was prepared from degelatinized animal bones, the by-product of a glue fatctory, Which have been treated with steam under 20-25 lbs. of pressure and repeatedly extracted with hot water for 10 hrs. "fermented millet" was prepared by innoculating the cooked millet with Eremothecium ashbyii as reported by Liu.The ingradients are mixed, pressed slightly into the form of small cubes, steamed and dried. When using, the proper number of cubes are mixed with the desired amount of water, cooked over a gentle fire and then served in the form of a thin paste.The proximate composition, the mineral and vitamin contents of the products, per 100 grams dry Weight, are as follows: protein 17.1 gms, fat 12.8 gms, carbohydrate 66.0 gms, crude fiber 0.82 gms, ash 3.25 gms, calcium 692 mgs, phosphorous(total) 330 mgs, (phytin)97 mgs, iron 5.9 mgs, thiamin 0.11 mgs, riboflavin 0.63 mgs, niacin 1.09 mgs, carotene 40.0 micro-gms, and energy 448 Cals.Aside from analyzing the product as well as the raw materials for the above nutrients, investigations were also made on the following subjects: determination of the essential amino acids, destruction of the trypsin inhibitor, availability of calcium and phosphorous, loss of thiamin, microbiological examination and soma physical changes of the product during storage.With respect to the adequacy of protein, 100 Cals. of the product would supply 3.8 gms of total protein which furnish all the essential amino acids to the amounts that a child would be able to obtain(per kilogram of body weight per day)from mother's milk.The product contains ample amounts of riboflavin, available calcium, phosphorous and iron to meet the diatary allowance of the infants. The amounts of thiamin and vitamin A are limited-the formet would satisfy only the minimum daily requirement while the latter is deficient by about 50％.Animal and human feeding experiments(to be published)indicated that this preparation promoted good growth not inferior to those fed on human or cow's milks. The cost of the new milk substitute is about 50％ less than the current prices of the present commercial products and about 80％ less than that of good grade cow's milk powder.
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A survey has been made during 1953-1955 on the patented milk substitutes including 58 kinds produced by 25 factories in 5 cities-Peking, Tientsin, Shanghai, Wuhan and Canton. Attention was directed to the annual production, the raw material, the formulae and the wholesale and retail prices. Unpatented products have not been included in the present survey. Nutritional composition, growth promoting effect and availability of some nutients have been studied by chemical, physiological, and pathological methods.On the basis that a 5 kilo child requires 500 calories per day, and assuming that he lives solely upon milk substitutes throughout the year, theannual production of the 25 factories in 1954, i.e. 1830 tons, would supply the need of 40,000 babies.Most of the products are made of rice and wheat flour and cane sugar, with the addition of about 5 % each of egg yolk and l or cow's milk powder, 0.7 % calcium lactate and 0.3% salt. Among the 58 kinds, 9 are free from animal protein, and 3 include soybean as the main source of protein.With respect to the dietary allowance of the babies, the majority of these products are deficient in protein, most of them are deficient in phosphorous and all of them are deficient in calcium. The protein is generally 50 % less than the required amount, while calcium and phosphorous are 10-90% below the recommended level. All are deficient in vitamins. The N:Ca:P proportions are not correct in any of the preparations. The protein content of 2 samples containing soybean amounts to 33-37 % which is much too high, particularly when accompanied by faulty ratios of calcium, phosphorous and other nutrients.Samples containing 10 % or less protein (including some of animal origin) and with restricted mineral supply, not only retarded the general growth of the experimental animals but also produced pathological changes in bone and some internal organs. Nevertheless, one of the samples with excessive protein, ample phosphorous but limited calcium promoted good growth in experimental animals. The bone structure of the latter was fairly normal.It is suggested that new and better formulae with high nutritional quality but low cost, such as the one proposed by the authors (to be published) be employed to replace the old ones.
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In a previous communication we have reported that the nutritive value of Milk Substitute 5410 is comparable to that of a cow's milk diet, as measured by the growth of rats, despite its low vitamin A and thiamin contents. In the present investigation, the vitamin A or thiamin content of this Substitute was raised up to the level of the requirement of infants The vitamin A was furnished by cod liver oil, and thiamin was supplied in the form thiamin hydrochloride or yeast. Weanling rats of mixed sexes were used. After 16 weeks on diet, it was found that the male rats were 14-17% heavier in body weight and 4.4-5,8% longer in body length than the unsupplemented controls. These differences were maintained till the end of the experiment when the animals were practically fully grown. The total feed consumption and feed efficiency of the supplemented groups were higher than those of the control, especially in case of the male rats.